8.2) a) Elementary
A primary source is one that provides direct testimony or evidence on the subject of research. Primary sources are written for the time being studied or the person directly involved in the event. The nature and value of the source can not be determined without reference to the topic or question you are trying to answer. Primary sources offer an inside view from the particular event or time period being studied. It is the documentary source material is considered first-hand on a phenomenon to be investigated.
primary source can be a work created by another witness or protagonist of an historical event in which they are described, but may also include physical objects (like coins), newspaper articles, letters or journals. They can also be, however, almost any type of information: For example, advertisements for the 50 can serve as a primary source in a paper on the perception of modern technology. What distinguishes a primary source from a secondary source is more how it was used as the content.
Participant observation: is carried out in the field, which includes three main activities:
1) A non-offensive social interaction: getting the respondents feel comfortable and gain their acceptance.
2) The methods of obtaining data : strategies and field tactics.
3) The registration data in the form of field notes written.
participating observers enter the field with the hope of establishing open relationships with informants and thus to interpret the reality studied by the behavior of people, their habits and customs dialogues. Remain relatively passive observers during the fieldwork, but especially during the early days. Moving slowly, trying to get people to feel comfortable and learn to act appropriately on stage. During this initial period, the collection of data is secondary to getting to know the stage and people., To avoid any inhibition or discomfort in the informants.
Furthermore, conditions Field research should be traded continuously. We must establish a balance between research as deemed appropriate and an accompanying informants for the benefit of rapport. Should resist attempts by informants aimed at controlling the investigation.
establish rapport with informants is the goal of every researcher in the field, that is, getting people to "open" and express their feelings about the scenario and others, be seen as an objectionable person, share the symbolic world informants, language and outlook. The rapport and trust can grow and diminish in the course of fieldwork. With certain informants never came to establish a real rapport.
Different ways to achieve rapport: revere their routines, establish what is has in common with people, helping people, be humble, caring. When the active involvement in the activities of individuals is essential to gain acceptance, you have to participate by all means, but knowing where to draw the line. You should avoid any involvement that impedes the ability of observers to collect data.
At the beginning of a trial, the observer made nondirective questions and do not involve value judgments with the intention that people talk about what you have in mind without forcing to respond to the concerns or preconceptions of the investigation. As informants start talking, we encourage them to say more about the topics we're interested. As observers gain knowledge and understanding of a scenario, the questions become more and focused policies to a focus.
The observer should not interfere in routines or ways of doing things from the informant, but accommodate them. Avoid act and speak in ways that do not conform to the personality or the researcher or informants.
Once data begins to be repetitive and no new arrests are achieved important, it's time to leave the field. It reduces the frequency of visits and makes people know that research is coming to an end.
Survey: A survey is a standardized set of questions addressed to a representative sample of the population or institutions, in order to determine states of mind or specific events.
surveys aim to obtain statistical information indefinitely, while the census and vital records of people have a wider scope and extent. This type of statistics rarely granted, in a clear and accurate, factual information that is required, hence it is necessary that population surveys study, to obtain the data needed for good analysis. This type of survey usually covers UNIVERSE individuals concerned.
Other Surveys Sample Survey is where you choose a part of the estimated population representative of the total population. You must have a sample design, it must necessarily have a framework from which to draw and this structure is provided to the population census. The survey (sample or total), is a statistical investigation in which information is obtained from a representative of the units of information or all selected units that make up the universe to investigate. Such information is obtained as needed for statistical and demographic purposes.
A reduced form of a sample survey is a "poll" , this type of survey is similar to sampling, but is characterized in that the sample of the target population is not enough that the results may provide a credible report. It is used only to collect some data on what they think a number of individuals of a particular group on a particular topic.
Interview: Taylor and Bogdan
. There are different types of interviews: Standardized
(quantitative): questionnaires, surveys and polls. The researcher has questions and the subject of research the answers. Generally, it is "applied" to a large group of "subjects" and all people are asked the same questions in identical terms to ensure that results are comparable. The interviewer serves as a data collector careful, his role includes working to ensure that subjects were relaxed enough to fully address the predefined series of questions.
depth interviews (qualitative): non-directive, unstructured, non-standard and open. They are flexible and dynamic. Repeated face to face meetings between the researcher and informants directed toward understanding events from the perspectives of the informants about their lives, experiences or situations as expressed by their own words. Follow the model of a conversation between equals, and not a formal exchange of questions and answers. The investigator is the research instrument, and it is not a protocol or interview form, this means: get answers and learn what questions to ask and how to ask.
has a lot to do with the OP, the researcher "slow progress" in the beginning trying to establish rapport with informants, no questions initially formulated guidelines and learn what is important to the informants before focusing the interests of research. The primary difference of the EP with the OP lies with the settings and situations in which research takes place. The OP carried out studies in field situations "natural", the EP made their own specially prepared situations. The OP obtained a direct experience of the social world, the EP and indirectly rests solely on the accounts of others.
There are 3 types of in-depth:
1) The Life History or sociological autobiography
2) Learning about events and activities that can not be observed directly, our partners researcher acting as observers, are your eyes and ears in the field. Its role is not simply revealing their own ways of seeing, but quye should describe what happens and how others perceive it.
3) those that are intended to provide a comprehensive picture of a range of scenarios, situations or people, the interviews were used to study a relatively large number of people in a relatively short when compared with the time it would require an investigation by OP.
All research approach has its strengths and weaknesses. No other method can provide detailed understanding obtained in the direct observation of people and hearing what they have to say at the scene of the crime. But the OP is not practical or possible in every case. The observer can not go back in time to study past events, or force their way into all scenarios and private situations. In addition, the OP requires an amount of time and effort is not always rewarded by further understanding to be obtained in comparison with other methods.
No method is equally suitable for all purposes. The choice of method research must be determined by the interests of the investigation, the circumstances of the scene or people to study, and practical constraints faced by the researcher.
In-depth interviews are appropriate where:
a) The research interests are relatively clear and relatively well defined.
b) scenarios or people are not accessible otherwise.
c) The researcher has time constraints.
d) The investigation depends on a wide range of scenarios or people: there is no case that the researcher must sacrifice depth of understanding obtained by focusing intensively a scenario or a person the benefit of the breadth and generalizability.
e) The researcher wants to clarify subjective human experience: ex., Stories of lives.
interview Disadvantages: The data collected consist only verbal statements or speeches.
1) As long as a conversation, are likely to produce these fakes, hoaxes, exaggerations and distortions that characterize any verbal exchange.
2) People say and do different things in different situations. The interview is a type of situation should not be assumed that what a person says in the interview is what that person believes or says in other situations.
3) Because the interviewers do not directly observe people in their daily lives, do not know the context for understanding many of the prospects they are interested. Bad interviewers understand the language of the informants, because why not have opportunity to study in common usage.
Selection of informants : its flexible design, neither the number nor the type of informant previously specified. The researcher begins with an overview of the people you meet and how to find, but is willing to change course after the initial interviews.
theoretical sampling strategy, where the number of "cases" is irrelevant and what matters is the potential of each "case" to help the researcher with the development of the theory, can serve as a guide for selecting people interviewing. The most
easy to set up a group of respondents is the technique of "snowball" to meet some informants and get them to present us with others. It is essential that the selected person has time to devote to the interviews. And willingness and ability to talk about their experiences and feelings.
Before the interviews should be explained to the informants: motives and intentions of the investigation, the anonymity (using pseudonyms), the ability to read and comment on the material, the logistics (time, place and frequency of meetings .)
authenticator seal of qualitative interviews are learning about what is important in the mene of informants: their meanings, perspectives and definitions, the way they look, size and experience the world. Researchers have general questions before starting work. During the first interviews the researcher set the whole of the relationship with informants and must find ways to get people to start talking about their perspectives and experiences without structure the conversation or to define what that should mean.
There are several ways to guide the initial interviews: descriptive questions (asked to describe, list or sketch events, experiences, places or people in your life), the reports requested, the interview with logbook (Current record that the informant has its business) and personal documents (guide the interviews without imposing a structure to the informant).
The interviewer must create a climate where people feel comfortable to talk freely about themselves. Situation that resembles those in which people speak naturally to each other about important things. The interview is relaxed and the tone is that of a conversation, the interviewer relates to reporting on a personal level.
addition, during the course of the interview, the researcher must avoid making judgments of opinion, allowing people to talk, pay attention and be sensitive.
Finally, while qualitative researchers try to develop an open and honest with the informants should be alert to any exaggerations and distortions in the stories. In everyday life people hide important facts about herself. In addition, all people are prone to exaggerate their successes and deny their failures.
should also be responsible for implementing cross-checks on the stories of informants. The consistency of these different accounts of the same event or experience. To control the statements of informants should appeal to many different data sources as possible (compare the narratives of informants official records, compare events narrated similar events, etc.).
Blanchet, Ghiglione, and Trognon Massonat . The research interview is part of the set of verbal behavior . It is a "speech event" in which the person to extract information from a person B, information that was contained in the biography (all the representations associated with events experienced). It is a conversation between two people, an interviewer and an interviewee, directed and recorded by the researcher who aims to promote the production of a linear address of the respondent on a topic defined in the framework of an investigation.
is used to study the facts from which the word is the vector:
- Study of past actions;
- Study of social representations
- Study of the performance and mental organization.
can also be used to study the very fact of the word (mechanisms of persuasion, argumentation, modalization, etc.).
projects a sense of interviewee and interviewer co-construct a keynote statement by the respondent but that he understands also interventions from the interviewer. This group dynamic is established in connection with a communication contract is located in a social context or situation.
The social situation: it is constituted by all the economic, social, cultural, professional, age, sex, etc., Partners. You can define these features as "external" to the interview but only exist in fact as they are taken into consideration by the interlocutors.
optimal social conditions for the proper functioning of the interview are at the origin of this practice. The interview, part achieve its goal of discourse production line must exclude controversial: it excludes speech that fall within the power relations, power, etc.., susceptible to be established between the partners, the interview is inapplicable in the case that has been declared a conflict among the participants. Starting from the idea that they have common positions and belonging to similar social strata, interviewer and interviewee more easily co-constructed discourse.
The communication contract : one is constituted by parameters representing the minimum knowledge sharing partners about what is at stake and the objectives of dialogue, but the fulfillment of this contract is that some of these parameters are renegotiated in the course of the interview.
This knowledge implies the contract:
- Implicit : composed of what might be called a potentially communicative: it is necessary, prior to any explicit contract, which the partners share a number of cultural codes, social rules and models of exchange oral or dialogue.
- Explicit : they are in the time between making contact between interviewer and interviewee and the beginning of the interview itself, marked by the statement of a slogan by the interviewer and the implementation of registration .
For there to be a minimal definition of the initial contract, the interviewer is forced to reveal the interviewee's reasons (Why this research? Why interviewed elected?) and the object of your request, defined by the type of action requested and the theme explored. Thus is defined a first level of relevance of the speech. These parameters should be well described by the researcher, they constitute the common sense of the early exchanges interviewer-interviewee. A contract will be drawn initially vague in their own dialogue (interview), because when the parties know the objective of the dialogue, the speech that takes place is meaningless. Therefore the constant renegotiation of the original contract rules in the very course of dialogue leads to the production of a speech composed of variable and indeterminate status and little used as data in the context of an investigation. Interventions
interviewer: Any intervention adjust the communication contract, the initial contract is renegotiated by the participants in each set of expressions. The interventions are: instructions (instructions that determine the theme of the speech of the interviewee) and Comments (explanations, comments, questions and statements to underline the words of the interviewee). Slogans
: any intervention from the interviewer aimed to define the issue of respondent's subsequent speech. All interviews began with an inaugural slogan interviewer must be clear and not contradictory to the original contract and more precise than this. The wording of the slogan is crucial to the meaning to be ascribed to the speech.
Comments: can be distinguished according to 2 criteria: speech act performed by the interviewer (statement, question or repetition) and sought discursive instance (composed of two registers: the "dictum" (representation of reference, reference ) and the "modus" (psychological operations that the speaker made the representation, modal).
Frutos . The interview is a dialogue that unfolds according to some parameters: some agreement or convention between the two participants (interviewer / interviewee); some foresight on the part of the research on the conditions to be met for the interview to be methodologically valid, certain design previous framework including objectives and limeted the use of this methodological tool. Dialogical situation has certain characteristics:
- The competence of the participants to produce speech;
- Sharing a language,
- The discursive production of a patterned sequence;
- A goal to achieve.
But the interview involves characteristics:
- The state is scheduled and agreed in advance and the track is anticipated, and the reasons for pursuing the research (cooperation is requested.) This commitment constitutes acceptance of the frame whose initiative begins the relationship between the subjects.
Conducting an interview is the consideration of certain criteria regarding access to the subject, the place to be assigned to his speeches about their actions and representations and how they will address these speeches.
The interview emerge as a place of mediation through the spoken word. Researcher and respondent speaker and listener are respectively and alternately. The subject under study is placed against the need to organize their experience discourse from their identifications, projections, its provisions, in a situation where the reflection was the previous record but not the dialogue itself, where the respondent is shown without thinking taped to their own saying.
in the dialogue of the interview are present interpretations in both subjects. In this interaction face to face "increased knowledge of the other will give step by step in this type of relationship, for Schutz it is the highest level of experience the possibilities opened by the extension and enrich the understanding of others. Intersubjectivity is privileged enacts the look. Experience in the production of information under research. Know and love, knowledge is becoming the object of discursive practice.
The interview is part of more inclusive processes, contexts of meaning that have a specific value as part of orders that include and which the investigator must record information in their records.
context of the interview: the interview is part of a set of facts, behaviors and relationships between subjects. This material should be structured from the conceptual for consistency between the production location of the interview and the entire investigation. The different contexts emerge from the perspective from which to think about the interview.
Methodologically, it is relevant interpretation of those contexts from which to generate the interview, which causes it not to remain abstract for the purposes of research.
Informant brings knowledge, able to react to slogans, including the ability to interpret, particularly ability to synthesize and also a particular form of expression. It differs from other individuals in their tastes, shares some features with other ... this makes the information produced is of a type and not otherwise.
For its part, the researcher has a pre-established universe of knowledge about the problem and also about the interviewee. It is important for the reliability of material arising from the interview that the researcher has control over their traditional knowledge and dispositions.
The narrative dimension of the interview is a network of meanings that "shows" a vision of the world. This dimension is built to the interpretative activity of the researcher and the interviewee. This narrative and the rules established from the frame form the framework for the production of information for research. As to the truth of what the informant states, their importance will have to do with the objectives of the research and design of the interview (not necessarily relevant to the information produced by the informant recounted factually accurate).
The design of the interview must take into account the difference between the investigator in the comments (unilateral practice) and by interviewing a subject (sets in motion a sequence where it matters how the respondent reacts to the behavior of interviewer, how you interpret the meanings that it produces). These activities relational and control methodology based on three issues: a) the conceptual work, b) the organization of interaction interview as the frame c) knowledge of its contexts.
To plan this activity, the researcher must take into account the physical environment will be done, the socio-cultural environment, the image they have of the action, interviewing both subjects involved, the previous dialogues. Any information should be recorded previously considered in detail as it provides the design and is useful for further processing of the material obtained. Consider some previous questions can help the design of such interviews.
Conclusion:
• This type of interview provides access to social interaction related to representations made or difficult to place in the context of the interview itself to quantitative studies.
• The interview is designed as an experience and is part of an interpretive dimension of doing. This raises go beyond the description in search of relationships from which to know something more than social or collective structure that is embedded in processes studied.
• The emphasis is on listening by the investigator leading to reconstruct the complexity of social processes which they are immersed in the subject.
• Production of information allows to reconstruct the communicative competence that is at the basis of interaction the group under study.
• constituted Trial at once by different processes: production of meanings, play with respect to the social order of intersubjectivity in which are put on specific strategies of each partner, and so on.
• The research activity in this type of interview is a selection activity refers to the categorization proposed theoretical research. The openness is the only one that can allow the incorporation of forms of expression by the respondent who were perhaps outside the theoretical and methodological choice of the investigator.
Focus groups: The main definitions are associated with the idea of \u200b\u200b discussion groups organized around a theme. Are aimed at contributing to social knowledge. This methodology is wrongly associated with forms of participatory workshops, or certain forms of social interaction within social groups. Korman
define a focus group as "a meeting of a group of individuals selected by the researchers to discuss and develop, from personal experience, a social issue or event that is under investigation."
parameters for the development of focus groups (Merton): "We must ensure that participants have a specific experience or opinion on the topic or research done, requires a functioning script meeting the main topics to be developed - assumptions or characterizations - and the subjective experience of the participants is explored in relation to the investigative hypothesis.
Interviews achieved through the strategy of focus groups are intended to record how the participants create their reality and experience As a group. Like any communicative act is always a context (cultural, social), then the investigator must give priority to the understanding of those contexts and their communicative different modalities.
This type of interview is abierta y estructurada : generalmente toma la forma de una conversación grupal, en la cual el investigador plantea algunas temáticas - preguntas asociadas a algunos antecedentes que orientan la dirección de la misma, de acuerdo con los propósitos de la investigación.
El desarrollo del grupo focal se inicia desde el momento mismo que se elabora un guión de temáticas-preguntas, o diferentes guías, según las condiciones y experiencias personales de los entrevistados; de esta manera se puede tener la posibilidad de efectuar una exploración sistemática aunque no cerrada. Las temáticas deben formularse en un lenguaje accesible al grupo de entrevistados y el orden o énfasis en las mismas pueden alterarse according to the people, circumstances and cultural context. While the structure of an interview can vary, the investigator must have an active position, ie to be alert and perceptive to the situation.
On the other hand, it should be sufficient and adequately explain the purpose of the meeting, and emphasize the need for the participant to use their own knowledge, experience and language. Also, explain the content and objectives of each of the issues - questions. It is suggested to clarify the meaning of taking notes, recording or filming the speeches.
A good workshop should generate an active relationship between the research team represented he who plays the role of moderator and participants.
The main purpose of the focus group technique in social research is to make information associated with knowledge, attitudes, feelings, beliefs and experiences that would not be possible to obtain, with sufficient depth, using traditional techniques such as, for example observation, personal interview or social survey.
Focus groups can be used in the preliminary or exploratory stages of a study, also are useful to evaluate, develop or a specific aspect of the study or when it is completed to assess its impact or to produce new lines of research. They can be used as a specific technique of data collection or in addition to other techniques especially in the triangulation and validation.
Life history: is the description of events and important experiences in the life of a person, or some principal part thereof, in the words of protagonist. In the construction of life histories, the analysis is a process of reconciliation and reunion of the story, so that the result captures the feelings, ways of seeing and perspectives of people. How
document
sociological, life history traits should illuminate the social significance of the events described. By bringing together the history of life, trying to identify the stages and critical periods that shape definitions and perspectives of the protagonist.
life story fits, as typical qualitative methodology within studies and use of personal documents. A personal document is a spontaneous description in first person an individual makes their own reasons, experiences and beliefs. However, some personal documents have little relevance to the anthropological and social sciences. Can be classified into spontaneous autobiographies, stories of life, or schemas biograms biographies, memoirs, diaries, calendars, cards.
The spontaneous autobiographies are alike and have similar difficulties and characteristics of memories. Can be expected to suffer the effects of conscious stylization of propagandistic intentions or the tendency to rationalize, on the other hand, the perspective allows the author to select and express the experiences and actions that subsequently considered significant. The
autobiographies are also structured by the author-protagonist, giving him the importance or relevance to the significant forces of his life in one or more given contexts. It was he who selected aspects and passages, who practices self-censorship and the reliability of the work depends on presenting the same author-protagonist. The only possibility of control by a researcher are internal consistency and cross-data or external coherence, and what you can find the individual is a possible condition of becoming a real informant.
A key informant is a person who, within a community or group, proves to have much knowledge about it, consistent and accurate information on the topics addressed by the researcher. Working with key informants involves making a previous selection or the same, and apply certain control techniques and veracity. These are: a) The role in the community (must keep in constant contact with the kind of information sought); b) Knowledge (in addition to having direct access to required information, the informant should have significantly assimilated), c) willingness (willingness to communicate their knowledge and to provide collaboration), d) release (being able to communicate knowledge so that it is intelligible), e) Fairness (with the least amount of potential bias or that they were known to researcher).
addition, there are criteria to check the accuracy of information: internal consistency, productivity, reliability.
The autobiographies are usually written or dictated by anyone, for a common man. This allows them to be objective, but diminish their potential aesthetic or literary. They are also more illuminating than the memoirs and biographies, for studies of both personality and culture, because in an honest autobiography there is always a deliberate attempt to explain the reactions, and actions and possible causal relationships of the facts themselves, by the person who has experienced.
An autobiography broad and extensive, spontaneous or formal, personally written or dictated and recorded in full when you've been subjected to the requirements and accounting standards, truthfulness by crossing with other sources, appropriate notation and presentation and analysis by a professional researcher can be likened to a real life story, for which only would lack the application of specific criteria and that could established that the author-protagonist met or meets the necessary requirements to become a prototype and a key informant.
A story of life comes from a researcher's request for a person to narrate his life. Deliberate attempt to define the growth of a person within a cultural context and give a theoretical sense. Must include both biographical documentation as autobiographical. This is not the story of a life events identified separately. The material should be developed and mastered from a systematic viewpoint
b) Construction of different types of registration
To understand the construction of different types of record you must go directly to the techniques, as a principle of collecting, recording and data analysis.
logging techniques of information are divided into: recording techniques of qualitative and recording techniques of quantitative information . The present quantitative and most used search techniques tabulations, the taxonomies and percentage tables, while the qualitative consist of field notes, recordings and field research guides.
Field Notes: as these that provide the participant observation data should be as complete, accurate and detailed. It should take notes after each observation and also after occasional contact with the informants. The notes contain descriptions of informants, events and conversations, as well as the actions, feelings, intuition or hypothesis of the work of the observer. The sequence and duration of events and conversations are recorded with the highest accurately as possible.
stage structure is described in detail. Paper tries to register all you can remember about the remark: "If it is written, never happened." For this reason is that the participating observers should strive to achieve a level of concentration to remember most of what they see, hear, feel, smell and think while in the field. To do this requires training, experience and concentration. There are techniques that help you remember, one of them is to take notes as soon possible after observation because, as time passes, the greater the to be forgotten.
The way of writing the field notes should allow easy retrieval of data and code issues. In addition, descriptions of what happens on stage, the notes should also include a record of feelings, interpretations, intuitions, beliefs of the researcher and future areas of inquiry. These subjective comments are called "observer comments" (CO).
These notes should be sorted by date, time and place of observation. They can also include diagrams of the stage to remind the field issues. Recordings
: the tone and speed of the informant's speech help to interpret the meaning of his words. Some take the "intrusive recording device" as a switch and altering the natural flow of events and scenarios. It is advisable to refrain from recording or taking notes until they have developed an idea of \u200b\u200bthe stage and to understand the effects of registration on the informants.
Research Guides : used in the OP is a guide containing the essential aspects to investigate. Is a mediating instrument between the research project and field notes.
c) The specificity of the register hemerographic
hemerographic The method is a major research tools. The hemerography is defined as: "Description and history of journalistic material ',' Knowledge and description of the periodicals ',' catalog or descriptive and classified list of periodicals."
d) Criteria for the tasks of collecting information
to get the information you want, the investigator should consider some approaches and strategies : establish rapport with informants, participate in some activities in conjunction with informants to gain acceptance, relate to some key informants (knowledgeable and respected individuals, etc.), act as naive but interested, be at the right time in the right place, ask questions, not directives and do not involve value judgments and then ask more focused policies and a focus, etc. This is in regards to field work.
depth interview and life history : crawling with informants, to explain motives and intentions of the research (explain where you will be issued, if for work or theses, etc. For to reassure the informant). People know in advance that interview and find them, use pseudonyms to describe people and places, to preserve the identity of the informant. Give you the opportunity to read and comment on drafts before publication. Meet some informants and make them submit to another (technique of "snowball"). Other strategies include: no open view on what was said by the interviewees, pay attention, not interrupt, be sensitive, etc.
For quantitative methods, we also need to meet certain steps to collect the data obtained by optimal techniques: go directly to a particular social group r actors to know their status, group data in an orderly manner to more accessible to measure the variables under study. Establish criteria in relation to the object of study for determining the type of sample used. Selecting a systematic instrument valid and reliable measurement, to obtain the observations and measurements of variables that are of interest, prepare for the measurements obtained can be analyzed properly (data encryption, etc.).
e) methodological control procedures
Refers to all care must be taken into account in an investigation. This monitoring is carried out by scientists and research managers who seek to control or organize all work carried out during the investigation, is controlled by practices not deviate from the object under investigation, until each one of the research participants do its job. It is a surveillance, control is exercised primarily in regard to research, care theory, hypothesis, results of the exercises, the questions are formulated, which techniques are used and which not to include certain object and because. Epistemological watching
: methodical explanation of the issues and principles of construction of the object are included in both the material and the new treatment is applied. This concept implies that the theory dominates the experimental work and that no theory can not set any instrument no reading or interpretation.
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